CYCLES OF CONCENTRATION is the number of times the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in cooling tower water is multiplied relative to the TDS in the makeup water Because evaporation of pure water leaves dissolved solids behind in the system water, TDS increases over time as the tower operates
What is meant by cycle of concentration in cooling tower?
A key parameter used to evaluate cooling tower operation is “cycle of concentration” (sometimes referred to as cycle or concentration ratio) This is determined by calculating the ratio of the concentration of dissolved solids in the blowdown water compared to the make-up water
What are cycles of concentration in a boiler?
“Cycles of concentration” refers to the accumulation of impurities in the boiler water If the boiler water contains 10 times the level of impurities in the makeup water, it is said to have 10 cycles of concentration 1
How can I increase my concentration in periods?
The cycles of concentration increase by one for each system volume of water that is evaporated If we keep evaporating water and adding more makeup water to maintain constant volume, the solids concentration and the cycles will keep increasing
How do you calculate concentration of cycle in boiler?
A boiler cycle is the number of times TDS present in feedwater can concentrate For example, 100 TDS feedwater, cycled five times, would result in 500 TDS Example: If boiler conductivity = 1,000 and feedwater conductivity = 100, the boiler is achieving 10 cycles
What is concentration cycle?
CYCLES OF CONCENTRATION CYCLES OF CONCENTRATION is the number of times the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in cooling tower water is multiplied relative to the TDS in the makeup water
What is COC in boiler?
Two weeks ago we talked about options for calculating the cycles of concentration (CoC) in cooling water systems For boilers with softened make-up water (typically lower pressure boilers), enough TDS usually exists in the waters to allow for calculating CoC
What causes high conductivity in cooling tower water?
As a water’s dissolved solids level increases, corrosion and deposition tendencies increase Because corrosion is an electrochemical reaction, higher conductivity due to higher dissolved solids increases the corrosion rate (see Chapter 24 for further discussion)
How do you calculate blowdown in a cooling tower?
It is calculated by this equation: Evaporation loss = 000085 Wc (T 1 -T 2 ) Drift loss = 002% water supply [for new development in eliminator design] Blowdown = [ Evaporative loss – (COC – 1) x Drift loss] /(COC – 1)
Why are cooling towers shaped?
Reason for general shape: hollow structure is required through which hot air from the bottom, to a cooler top, which is at a lower pressure More air flowing through the tower means better cooling, so a tower allowing more air to pass through is best (wider tower, more gaps at bottom)
How can I concentrate?
If you need help staying focused, try one — or all 10 — of these tips Get rid of distractions First things first: You need to eliminate distractions Coffee in small doses Practice the Pomodoro technique Put a lock on social media Fuel your body Get enough sleep Set a SMART goal Be more mindful
How do you calculate the efficiency of a cooling tower?
Cooling Tower Efficiency Calculations Approach = Cold Water Temperature – Wet Bulb Temperature Cooling Tower Efficiency = (Hot Water Temperature – Cold water Temperature) x 100/ (Hot Water Temperature – Wet bulb temperature)
How can we increase the efficiency of a cooling tower?
How to Increase Your Industrial Cooling Tower Efficiency Save energy Reduce the amount of water being consumed Decrease the amount of chemicals required for water treatment Extend the equipment service life Reduce operating costs, overall
Is cooling tower blowdown continuous?
Cooling towers, closed circuit coolers and evaporative condensers require continuous blow down or “bleed off” with added make-up water to maintain an acceptable concentration level
What causes low pH in cooling tower?
Stronger acids have lower pH values Imbalances in cooling tower pH occur because the water is not pure — it is composed of more than just oxygen and hydrogen Most process water contains significant concentrations of dissolved minerals, which tend to change the pH of the tower water, often significantly
How do you calculate water for a cooling tower?
Cooling tower calculation Cooling tower makeup calculation Water Make Up = D + E +B Evaporation Loss = 000085 * 18 * C * Δt C = Circulating water in Blowdown : B = E = Evaporation Loss in COC = Cycle of Concentration Capacity of cooling Tower
What is TDS cooling tower?
Cooling towers are used within some businesses for process water cooling or as part of an air-conditioning system ‘Bleed’, ‘blow-down’ or ‘dump’ cycles – as water is evaporated, concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) increase which is detrimental to the efficient operation of the unit
What is drift loss in cooling tower?
In every cooling tower there is a loss of water to the environment due to the evaporative cooling process Drift, however, is the undesirable loss of liquid water to the environment via small droplets that become entrained in the leaving air stream
How can I maintain my COC in cooling tower?
To maintain 2 cycles, ½ the amount of makeup water added must be discharged as bleed To maintain 4 cycles, ¼ the amount of makeup water added must be discharged as bleed
What is evaporation loss in cooling tower?
Cooling tower use water circuit to bring heat out, in this process, part of cooling water will be evaporated, this is called evaporation loss Evaporation loss usually represents the efficiency of cooling tower and the heat of equipment
What hardness should a cooling tower?
As a general rule of thumb, the calcium hardness in the cooling tower should be maintained within the range of 350 to 400 ppm on a non-acid treatment program If the makeup water contains, say, 100 ppm calcium hardness, the cycles of concentration are restricted to 35 to 40
Why h2so4 is used in cooling tower?
Sulfuric acid is often added to cooling tower water basins to maintain standard pH levels Acid often distributes poorly in these settings because it is more dense than water Concentrations of acid at the bottom of basins produce extremely low pH levels, causing long-term damage to the basin and associated equipment
What chemicals are used in cooling towers?
What are the Chemicals used in Cooling Tower Water Treatment? Corrosion and Scale Inhibitors Algaecides and Biocides pH Adjusters
What is cooling tower capacity?
The cooling tower’s capacity is the product of the mass flow rate of water, specific heat, and temperature difference This can also be expressed as heat rejected in kCal/hr (Btu/h) Evaporation loss This is the amount of water that is evaporated during the cooling process